The Haemoglobin Electrophoresis Blood Test is a specialised test used to identify and analyze different types of haemoglobin in the blood. It is commonly used to diagnose conditions like sickle cell disease, thalassemia, and other haemoglobinopathies. By detecting abnormal haemoglobin, this test provides critical insights into inherited blood disorders.

What Is Haemoglobin Electrophoresis?

Haemoglobin electrophoresis separates the types of haemoglobin present in your blood based on their electrical charge. This helps identify normal haemoglobin (HbA) and abnormal forms, such as:

  • HbS: Associated with sickle cell disease.
  • HbC: Found in haemoglobin C disease.
  • HbF: Fetal haemoglobin, which may persist abnormally in some conditions.

Why Is the Haemoglobin Electrophoresis (Sickle Cell) Blood Test Performed?

This test is used to:

  • Diagnose Sickle Cell Disease: Detect HbS, the hallmark of sickle cell anemia.
  • Identify Thalassemia: Determine the type and severity of thalassemia.
  • Screen for Carrier Status: Identify individuals who carry genetic traits for haemoglobin disorders.
  • Monitor Existing Conditions: Track the progression of haemoglobinopathies.

Symptoms That May Lead to a Haemoglobin Electrophoresis Test

Your doctor may recommend this test if you or your child experience:

  • Chronic fatigue or weakness
  • Pale or yellowish skin (jaundice)
  • Pain episodes: Common in sickle cell disease.
  • Shortness of breath
  • Growth or developmental delays in children

Who Should Consider This Test?

  • Individuals with a Family History: If haemoglobin disorders run in your family, testing can determine carrier status.
  • Pregnant Women: Screening during pregnancy helps assess the risk of passing on genetic conditions.
  • At-Risk Populations: People of African, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, or Southeast Asian descent are more likely to have haemoglobinopathies.

How Is the Haemoglobin Electrophoresis (Sickle Cell) Blood Test Conducted?

  1. Sample Collection: A small blood sample is taken from a vein, typically in your arm.
  2. Lab Analysis: The sample is subjected to electrophoresis, which separates and identifies different haemoglobin types.
  3. Results Interpretation:
    • Normal Results: Presence of typical haemoglobin (HbA).
    • Abnormal Results: Presence of HbS, HbC, HbF, or other variants, which may indicate a haemoglobin disorder.

Common Conditions Diagnosed by the Haemoglobin Electrophoresis (Sickle Cell) Blood Test

  • Sickle Cell Disease: A genetic condition causing abnormal red blood cells.
  • Thalassemia: A group of inherited disorders affecting haemoglobin production.
  • Haemoglobin C Disease: A milder form of haemoglobinopathy.
  • Persistence of Fetal Haemoglobin: Can occur in some genetic conditions.

Preparation and Risks

  • Preparation: No specific preparation is required. Inform your doctor if you have had a blood transfusion recently, as this may affect results.
  • Risks: The blood draw is a routine procedure with minimal risks, such as slight bruising or discomfort.

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